TypeScript has evolved significantly since its initial release, introducing powerful features that can help you write more robust and maintainable code.

1. Conditional Types

Conditional types allow you to create types that depend on a condition. They're particularly useful for creating flexible, reusable type definitions.

type ApiResponse<T> = T extends string ? string : T extends number ? number : never;

2. Mapped Types

Mapped types let you create new types by transforming properties of existing types. They're the foundation for many utility types in TypeScript.

type Partial<T> = {
  [P in keyof T]?: T[P];
};

3. Template Literal Types

Template literal types allow you to create types using template literal syntax, enabling powerful string manipulation at the type level.

type EventName<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`;

4. Discriminated Unions

Discriminated unions help you model data that can be one of several types, with TypeScript providing excellent type narrowing support.

5. Advanced Generic Constraints

Use generic constraints to limit the types that can be used with your generic functions and classes, providing better type safety and IntelliSense.

6. Utility Types

TypeScript provides many built-in utility types like Pick, Omit, Record, and Exclude that can help you transform and manipulate types effectively.

Conclusion

These advanced TypeScript features might seem complex at first, but mastering them will significantly improve your ability to create type-safe, maintainable applications.